Environmental Tobacco Smoke in Rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: We conducted this study to identify the effect of subchronic cigarette smoke inhalation on the vocal cord mucosa of the rat. DESIGN: Experimental study. SETTING: Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, Karadeniz Technical University, Trabzon, Turkey METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided randomly into experimental and control groups. The experimental group of rats was exposed to cigarette smoke for 2 hours each day over 60 consecutive days, and the control group was treated in an identical fashion but was exposed only to room air. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Transmission electron microscopic examination of the rat vocal cords. RESULTS: We found very high levels of plasma thiocyanate after exposure to smoke in the experimental group but no increase in the control group. In the experimental group, mean plasma thiocyanate concentrations of 3.7 +/- 0.5 and 119 +/- 11.4 mmol/L were measured before and after exposure to tobacco smoke, respectively (p < .05). On the contrary, mean plasma thiocyanate levels of control rats were found to be 3.0 +/- 0.4 and 3.9 +/- 0.4 mmol/L, respectively, before and after exposure. In the experimental group, the epithelium covering the true vocal cords shows disturbed stratification. Some cells exhibit loss of desmosomal connections between cells and enlargement of the intercellular space. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates that the larynx in laboratory animals is one of the sensitive and useful targets for assessing the harmful effects associated with environmental tobacco smoke.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".