Modeling, analysis, and improvement of anti-islanding relays for a radial distribution system embedding DFIG-DG wind turbines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents modeling and analysis of four passive relays used in distributed generation passive anti-islanding protection schemes. The passive Overcurrent (OC), OV/UV, OF/UF, and ROCOF (Rate of Change of Frequency) relays are commonly used for DG anti-islanding protection because of their low cost and relative simplicity. The relays modeling are based on the commercial digital relays hardware and considering Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) as the phasor and frequency estimation algorithms in MATLAB environment. Then, the relay models are simulated on a practical radial distribution system embedding six-1.67 MW Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG) using PSCAD/EMTDC. The obtained results and analysis are reported and discussed. Finally, an intelligent scheme is suggested which takes advantage of an islanding-dedicated complementary system and improves the security of conventional ORed system of four relays.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".