The Urban System in the Central Valleys of Oaxaca
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this article, we explore the nature of the urban system in the Valley of Oaxaca as it has developed in the late 20th century, when Mexico joined the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (1986) and negotiated the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States and Canada (1994, with final aspects of the agreement going into effect in 2008). Both the events exposed Mexico and, by extension, Oaxaca to powerful external economic forces. Global integration significantly altered the urban and regional economic systems in the central valleys of Oaxaca. The conquest of Mexico by Spain in the early 16th century brought Mexico into the global economic system centered in Europe. For most of the five centuries since the arrival of the Spanish, Oaxaca was part of what Immanuel Wallerstein described as the periphery, that is, regions whose primary role in the system was to provide raw goods and labor to core regions such as Mexico City, Madrid, London, and New York. This article describes how the integration of Oaxaca into the world economy that resulted from Mexico's entry into GATT and NAFTA altered the nature of the urban system in the central valleys of Oaxaca. These changes significantly increased the role of Oaxaca City in the extraction of resources from the state into the world economy and increased wealth disparities in the central valleys.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".