Mechanistic Study of the Carbothermal Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide with Oil Sand Fluid Coke
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Carbothermal reduction is a reducing reaction involving carbonaceous materials at high temperatures. Oil sand fluid coke is a high-carbon byproduct of the thermal cracking of oil sand bitumen via a process called fluid coking. To lay a foundation for the development of a process that removes and converts sulfur dioxide into elemental sulfur, the kinetics of the carbothermal reduction of SO 2 by coke at 700−950 °C was investigated using a packed-bed reactor. Analysis using the shrinking core model revealed that the overall process is controlled jointly by surface chemical reaction and diffusion in a product ash layer. The existence of the layer was confirmed by SEM examination of a cross section of spent coke particles. The activation energy of the overall reaction was found to be 154 kJ/mol, which is in a good agreement with literature values. The sulfur balance was analyzed with data obtained using a total sulfur analyzer and a gas chromatograph. SEM-EDS analysis indicated that the ash layer was low in sulfur. At the ash−coke interface, however, an accumulation of sulfur was found that was attributed to C−S complexes. The chemical states of sulfur in the spent coke were determined using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer. The sulfur in the raw coke was likely dominated by its thiophenic forms, whereas the sulfur in the ash layer was likely sulfite.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".