Identification of polymorphisms in the GABAB receptor gene and linkage study of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are often diagnosed with comorbid reading disabilities (RD) and twin studies have suggested a genetic relationship. Genetic linkage to several chromosome locations has been reported for RD, including a region located on chromosome 6p, near the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region. The gene for the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) beta receptor 1 gene (GABABR1), has recently been cloned and localized to the region of 6p with the strongest support for linkage to RD. GABABR1 is an interesting candidate gene for RD based on its location and its proposed role in cognition. The genetic link between RD and ADHD supports the GABABR1 receptor gene as a candidate for ADHD as well. In addition, the role of the GABAB receptor in modulating the release of a number of neurotransmitters, including dopamine and norepinephrine, both postulated to be involved in ADHD, suggests that this receptor may play a role in the ADHD phenotype. Based on this hypothesis, we screened this gene for DNA sequence variants. We identified nine DNA sequence variants in a sample of ADHD probands with and without comorbid RD. Three of the common variants were used for linkage analysis to the ADHD phenotype in a sample of 98 families identified through an ADHD proband. We did not observe significant evidence for linkage in our sample. Our findings do not support a role of this gene in ADHD..
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".