Canadian counselling psychologists' contributions to applied psychology.

The goal of this paper is to draw attention to the contributions of Canadian counselling psychologists in three key areas central to the discipline: (a) multiculturalism, social justice, and advocacy; (b) health, wellness, and prevention, and (c) career psychology. Accordingly, we have situated our discussion within a historical framework of the discipline followed by a discussion of the Canadian context, definitions, and specific contributions. Finally, we offer a summary of the strengths and current challenges faced by Canadian counselling psychologists. Keywords: counselling psychology, multiculturalism, health, career In this article we highlight the unique contributions of Canadian counselling psychology to the broader field of applied psychology. To accomplish this, we focus primarily on works authored by Canadian counselling psychologists. In particular, we begin by providing a brief overview of multiculturalism, social justice, and advocacy, wherein we discuss the unique Canadian context within which the discipline of counselling psychology resides. As well, we review the literature on three populations that Canadian counselling psychologists have studied, namely aboriginal peoples, immigrants, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans (LGBT) people. We follow this review with a discussion of the multicultural competency literature and the emerging social justice paradigm in the discipline. In keeping with the multicultural framework presented in the first section, we provide a discussion of the vast health-related research conducted by Canadian counsellors and counselling psychologists, and identify their unique contributions. In particular, we categorise these works under the headings of health, wellness, and prevention. To ensure clarity, we offer our current definitions of these three headings. This section is followed by a discussion of the occupation, vocation, and career development literature, wherein we reflect upon the evolution of these areas within the context of career and counselling psychology in Canada. Specifically, we offer current definitions for widely used terms in this domain of the field. In addition, we offer our conceptualisation of career development as psychological transition. Next, to conclude, we briefly discuss the methodological frameworks used in all of these areas of research. Finally, we offer our summary of the strengths and current challenges faced by Canadian counselling psychologists doing all of this important work. Multiculturalism, Social Justice, and Advocacy We begin our overview in the areas of multiculturalism, social justice, and advocacy in Canadian counselling psychology noting that, historically, the discipline of counselling psychology, and the multicultural movement therein, was founded in the United States (Young & Nicol, 2007). As a result, Canadian counselling psychologists have largely relied on the United States' infrastructure, including, but not limited to, American publication outlets (e.g., Journal of Counseling Psychology). Thus, to highlight Canadian counselling psychology research, we will both refer to the foundational American work from which this research emanated as well as the body of scholarship Canadian authors have published both in Canada and the United States. Nevertheless, Canadian counselling psychology has an approach to diversity and multiculturalism that is distinct from that of its American counterparts (Lalande, 2004). In fact, Canada is historically and increasingly a culturally diverse nation with a longstanding policy of multiculturalism, which encourages individuals to maintain their cultural backgrounds while sharing in the common Canadian experience (Berry, 1984). In fact, Canada's first official policy pertaining to multiculturalism dates back to the early 1970s. The Official Languages Act and, later, the Multiculturalism Within a Bilingual Framework were initiated in response both to French Canadians' demand for equal status in Canada and to officially recognise British, French, and other ethnic groups in Canada (Esses & Gardner, 1996). …

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