Bone Formation in Algae-Derived and Synthetic Calcium Phosphates With or Without Poloxamer
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Calcium phosphate ceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and biphasic calcium phosphates are used clinically to repair bone defects. These calcium phosphate ceramics can differ by composition, structure, and rate of degradation. This study compared 3 calcium phosphate ceramics, 2 of which have similar structure but different composition: 100% HA (algae derived) and HA/β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) 20/80 (algae derived), and 2 with different structure but similar composition: HA/β-TCP 20/80 (algae derived) and HA/β-TCP 15/85 (synthetic). Calcium phosphate ceramics can be difficult to handle and contour during the surgeries. To improve handling, Poloxamer 407 (P407) was added to the 3 ceramics, and its effect on bone healing was also assessed. Bilateral calvarial defects created in the parietal bones of New Zealand white rabbits were left unfilled or were filled with autograft or one of the ceramics, with and without P407. Six weeks after operation, healing was evaluated qualitatively by histology and quantitatively by micro-computed tomography analysis and histomorphometry. All 3 calcium phosphate ceramics demonstrated osteoconductivity and performed similarly in supporting new bone formation, suggesting that the differences in their composition, structure, or degradation did not significantly affect their ability to promote bone healing in this application. Incorporating P407 did not impede osteoconductivity as HA and biphasic calcium phosphate combined with P407 performed similarly as when used alone for craniofacial defect repair.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".