Audio watermarking time-frequency characteristics
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, a novel audio watermarking scheme based on spread spectrum techniques is proposed. This technique embeds a digital watermark within an audio signal using the instantaneous mean frequency (IMF) of the signal. Audio watermarking offers a solution to data piracy and helps to protect the rights of the artists and copyright holders. The proposed content-based algorithm aims to satisfy and maximize both imperceptibility and robustness of the watermark. In addition, the technique uses the short-time Fourier transform of the original audio signal to estimate a weighted IMF of the signal. Based on the masking properties of the psychoacoustic model, the required sound pressure level of the watermark is calculated. Modulation is then performed to produce a signal-dependent watermark that is imperceptible. The proposed method allows 25 bits to be embedded and recovered within a 5 second sample of an audio signal. Experimental results have shown that the scheme is robust to common signal processing attacks including filtering, MP3 compression, additive noise and resampling with a bit error rate in the range of 013%.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it