Thermoregulatory accuracy, precision, and effectiveness in two sand-dwelling lizards under mild environmental conditions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We investigated thermoregulation and habitat use in two sympatric lizard species of the family Phrynosomatidae (side-blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana, and sand-dune lizards, Sceloporus arenicolus) in southern New Mexico to determine whether thermoregulation was necessary and detectable under mild temperature conditions, and what behavioral mechanisms the lizards used to thermoregulate throughout their daily activity. We measured lizard temperature preference (T sel ) in a laboratory thermal gradient as well as field body temperature (T b ) at the study site. We then calculated several indices of thermoregulation to evaluate the effectiveness of thermoregulation for both species. In addition, we recorded and compared micro- and macro-habitat use for the two species; we also compared these habitats with randomly selected microsites. Uta stansburiana thermoregulated less precisely in a laboratory gradient than did S. arenicolus and had a slightly higher preferred temperature. Environmental thermal heterogeneity occurred at both micro- and macro-habitat spatial scales, allowing lizards to thermoregulate optimally for over 10 h/day. The two species maintained mean body temperatures within their selected temperature range throughout most of the day. Two indices of thermoregulatory effectiveness revealed that both species are effective thermoregulators, and thermoregulation was easily detectable throughout the day. Lizards used the behavioral mechanisms of microhabitat choice, posture, shuttling between sun and shade, and orientation to the sun to regulate T b .
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".