Anti-idiotypic antibodies from highly sensitized patients stimulate B cells to produce anti-HLA antibodies
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Sustained allosensitization increases waiting time for transplantation and increases the risk of rejection. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of anti-idiotypic antibodies on B-cell responses and to define their role in alloantibody production. METHODS: The Immunoglobulin G (IgG) fraction, or the sera of 19 highly sensitized (HS) patients was absorbed to remove anticlass I antibody and was incubated with B cells. The culture supernatant was assayed for antihistocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody and tested for reactivity against a panel of normal lymphocytes. Similar studies were performed in 5 of the 19 patients who had a fall in alloantibody levels. RESULTS: The IgG (HS) fraction induced anti-HLA antibody from normal and autologous B cells in all 19 HS patients studied. The reactivity to HLA antigens in the culture supernatant was similar to the sera for each patient studied. The in vitro generated anti-HLA antibody bound to the IgG fraction used to stimulate the B cells. The in vitro production of anti-HLA antibodies was absent in the serum of all five patients who became nonsensitized. CONCLUSIONS: All patients who have high levels of alloantibody have anti-idiotypic antibodies in their sera that stimulate B cells to produce anti-HLA class I antibody similar in reactivity to that of their own sera. In the patients who have nondetectable alloantibodies in their sera, the stimulating anti-idiotypes are not measurable. Anti-idiotypic antibodies may act as a vaccine and cause sustained levels of alloantibody production.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".