Variability in the Response of HDL Cholesterol to Exercise Training in the HERITAGE Family Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In the HERITAGE Family Study, 675 sedentary, healthy, white and black men and women, aged 17 to 65 years, performed 20 weeks of supervised cycle ergometer exercise at the same relative intensity and weekly volume. As a group, subjects had normal mean baseline lipid levels for North Americans with the exception of below average high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. A significant mean increase in plasma HDL-C of 3.6 % was observed; however, there was marked variability in responsiveness to training, ranging from a mean 9.3 % decrease in Quartile 1 of HDL-C response to a mean 18 % increase in Quartile 4 (P < 0.0001 by ANOVA). Parallel changes in HDL(2)-C and HDL(3)-C, apolipoprotein A-I levels, and lipoprotein lipase activity were noted across quartiles. The change in HDL-C across quartiles was inversely related to baseline HDL-C (p < 0.0001) and to changes with training in plasma triglycerides (p = 0.0007). No significant differences in HDL-C response were observed across quartiles by sex, race, age, or increase in VO(2)max with training; however, weak positive associations were observed with age-adjusted education level and with reduction in abdominal fat and increase in VO(2)max at the ventilatory threshold following training. Multivariate regression analysis including baseline variables and training responses only accounted for 15.5 % of the variability in the HDL-C response to training. Thus, marked variability was found in the HDL-C response to the same endurance exercise training stimulus with only a modest amount of the response predictable by identified nongenetic factors.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.007 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".