An Integrative Assessment of the Effects of Tamarisk on Stopover Ecology of a Long-Distance Migrant Along the San Pedro River, Arizona
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The riparian habitats of the arid southwestern United States provide critical stopover habitat for avian migrants, but they have been severely altered by invasive tamarisk (Tamarix spp.). The responses of birds to such habitat alterations are not well understood. We combined ecological and physiological measurements to provide an integrative assessment of how tamarisk invasion affects the stopover ecology of vernally migrating Wilson's Warblers (Wilsonia pusilla) along the San Pedro River in Arizona. Despite higher arthropod biomass in native cottonwood—willow habitat, the refueling rate of Wilson's Warblers, as measured by plasma metabolite profiling, was higher in tamarisk. Density and detections of Wilson's Warblers did not differ between habitats, but both measurements were significantly higher in cottonwood—willow habitat for the other members of the Wilson's Warbler foraging guild. Our measurements of food resources and migrant densities suggest that cottonwood—willow may provide high-quality stopover habitat. But when plasma metabolites are included, our results indicate that tamarisk offers superior habitat for refueling Wilson's Warblers, possibly because of release from high interspecific competition in cottonwood—willow. Our results demonstrate the importance of measuring refueling performance in the assessment of stopover habitat quality and the value of including plasma metabolite profiling in studies of avian stopover ecology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".