Integrated Technologies of Testing and Controlling for High Efficiency Separate Layer Water Injection
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Integrated Technologies of Testing and Controlling for High Efficiency Separate Layer Water Injection He Liu; He Liu PetroChina Co. Ltd Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Danfeng Xiao; Danfeng Xiao Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Li Zhi Zhao; Li Zhi Zhao Daqing Oil Company Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Fukun Zhang; Fukun Zhang Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Yumei Wang; Yumei Wang Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Xianhui Lv; Xianhui Lv Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Xueqing Zhang Xueqing Zhang Daqing Oilfield Co. Ltd. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Scholar Paper presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 2008. Paper Number: IPTC-12516-MS https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-12516-MS Published: December 03 2008 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Get Permissions Search Site Citation Liu, He, Xiao, Danfeng, Zhao, Li Zhi, Zhang, Fukun, Wang, Yumei, Lv, Xianhui, and Xueqing Zhang. "Integrated Technologies of Testing and Controlling for High Efficiency Separate Layer Water Injection." Paper presented at the International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, December 2008. doi: https://doi.org/10.2523/IPTC-12516-MS Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex Search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All ContentAll ProceedingsInternational Petroleum Technology ConferenceIPTC International Petroleum Technology Conference Search Advanced Search AbstractWe introduce an integrated technology for testing and controlling of high efficiency sub-divided zonal water injection in Daqing oilfield. The Oilfield is a heterogeneous multi-layer giant continental sandstone oilfield. After long-terms of water flooding, 95% of main pay zones have been in production and water cut has exceeded 91%. The development of the oilfield has also aimed at relatively thinner and less permeable layers to maintain stable production.Separate layer water injection in these thin and less permeable layers is more challenging than the thicker ones. Traditional testing and controlling techniques used for thick layers may not fully suitable for the thinner layers. In recent years, innovations on separate layer water injection were integrated and a technology of testing and controlling for high efficiency sub-divided zonal water injection was developed to fulfill the requirements of efficiency, precision, prompt, and economics. The technique has the following features: target layers can be smaller than 1 meter, the average number of subdivided sections increased up to 6, barrier thickness required decreased from 8 meters to 1.5 meters, average seal ratio increased from 85% to 95%, minimum zonal injection can be as low as 20m3 or even less.This paper introduces the technique and presents application results in Daqing oilfield.1. IntroductionFor Daqing Oilfield is a water-flooding oilfield, preferred reservoir target layers have changed from thick, high water-cut layers to low permeable laminated layers after the Daqing oilfield has gone into high water-cut period. Separate layer water injection is still basic means to control the rising water cut. With the increasing number of the injection wells and the further subdivided intervals, testing and controlling of separate layer water injection will have more and more work to do.Traditional testing and controlling techniques used for thick layers may not fully suitable for the thinner layers. On the one hand, the fixed water nozzles and their carriers— blanking plugs need to be fished several times to find the appropriate sizes of nozzles controlling the water injection into the reservoirs. The operation not only wastes time but also labors, for the average testing and controlling period is 4–5 days. On the other hand, the traditional testing accurate ratio is only 64.0% four months later the initial testing through tracking the change of water injection in different well patterns. The original six-month testing cycle has to be shortened to improve the injection quality and precision.Therefore, innovations on separate layer water injection were integrated and a technology of testing and controlling for high efficiency sub-divided zonal water injection was developed to fulfill the requirements of efficiency, precision, prompt, and economics.2. Integrated technology of testing and controlling for high efficiency separate layer water injectionWater injection controlling equipment consists of surface facilities (namely the normal cable truck)and downhole controlling systems which include centralizer, testing & controlling processor, fishing controller (comprising sealed transmission mechanism, universal shaft and oriental guiding mechanism), as well as adjustable blanking plug (see figure 1). Keywords: waterflooding, traditional testing, enhanced recovery, layer water injection, plug, efficiency separate layer water injection, water management, mechanism, operation, water nozzle Subjects: Improved and Enhanced Recovery, Waterflooding This content is only available via PDF. 2008. International Petroleum Technology Conference You can access this article if you purchase or spend a download.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".