Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper models the economic linkages between a commodity (wheat gluten) and a commodity characteristic (wheat protein). The purpose of this research is to address several issues in the wheat protein complex including the impact of the U.S. gluten import quota on producer protein premiums. Four important conclusions are found. First, the hard red winter (HRW) protein market strongly influences wheat gluten market but the wheat gluten market has its greatest influence on the hard red spring (HRS) protein market. Second, the demand for intrinsic protein is estimated to be very elastic. Thus, the returns to breeding or biotechnology programs designed to raise protein levels of wheat are likely to remain stable in response to small increases in wheat protein content. Third, the U.S. import quota on wheat gluten is estimated to provide a 14% increase in the price of wheat gluten in the first year. By the third year, prices are only 5% above the prequota price. U.S. gluten supplies increase about 15% in the first year and remain at about that level for the next two years. Although these are small estimated impacts, they are not far from what the USITC had anticipated. Finally, the three‐year quota increases protein premiums and provides about $500 ($1000) in additional revenue for an average 1000‐acre farm producing HRW (HRS) wheat. Les auteurs ont modélisé les liens économiques entre un produit (le gluten de blé) et une de ses caractéristiques (les protéines). L'objectif était de répondre à plusieurs questions associées au complexe des protéines du blé, notamment l'incidence du contingentement des importations de gluten par les États‐Unis sur les primes consenties aux producteurs en fonction de la valeur protéique du blé. De leur étude, les auteurs tirent quatre grandes conclusions. La premiére est que le marché des protéines du blé roux vitreux d'hiver (BRVH) exerce une forte influence sur le marché du gluten qui, lui, influe principalement sur le marché des protéines du blé roux vitreux de printemps (BRVP). Deuxiémement, on estime que la demande de protéines intrinséques est trés élastique. De petites hausses de la teneur en protéines du blé devraient donc se traduire par un rendement stable des programmes d'hybridation ou de biotechnologie destinés à augmenter la concentration de protéines dans le blé. En troisième lieu, on estime que le contingentement des importations de gluten par les États‐Unis a entraîné une majoration de 14 % du prix de ce produit la premiére année. Deux ans plus tard, les cours s'étaient stabilisés à 5 % au‐dessus du prix en vigueur avant le contingentement. L'offre américaine de gluten augmentera d'environ 15 % la premiére année et se maintiendra à peu prés au même niveau les deux années suivantes. Même si elles ne sont guère importantes, pareilles retombées se rapprochent de celles anticipées par l'USITC. Enfln, les trois années de contingentement ont donné lieu à un relèvement des primes versées pour la concentration en protéines et débouché sur une hausse moyenne de 500 $ (1 000 $) du revenu des exploitations de 1 000 acres qui produisent du BRVH (BRVP).
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".