Numerical investigation for high intensity H− beam injection to a 100 MeV compact cyclotron
Bibliographic record
Abstract
As a part of the Upgrade Project of Beijing Tandem Accelerator Laboratory, a 100 MeV compact cyclotron was designed for the generation of high intensity proton beam. In comparison the H− beam intensity injected into the cyclotron central region of the 30 MeV medical cyclotron developed at CIAE 8 years ago, those injected into the 100 MeV machine will be 4 times higher. So, the axial injection optics was investigated numerically again by means of taking the space charge effect into account. The simulation started from the old layout based on the ES (Einzell lens and solenoid) system in CIAE’s 30 MeV machine and SQQ system (solenoid and doublet) in TRIUMF’s machine, shows that a ESQQ system should be able to match the injection optics better for higher intensity beam injection. A new layout based on ESQQ injection system will be used for the 100 MeV cyclotron. From three-dimensional field computation, the modularization of magnets (S and QQ) are designed so that the injection line ESQQ could be rearranged flexibly.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".