On the activity of ions and the junction potential: Revised values for all data
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract This work presents an in‐depth study of the interrelation between the junction potential EJ and the activity of individual ions. The need to correct for the sign of the junction potential employed in previous publications is used to confirm that the calibration of the ion‐selective electrodes largely cancels errors in the estimation of EJ. Revised values of the activity coefficients of individual ions are presented for all systems previously measured. A rederivation of Henderson equation is used to clarify the interpretation of its terms for asymmetric electrolytes. A new analytical equation to calculate EJ is derived and tested. This equation corrects for the nonideality of solutions and for the concentration dependence of the conductivity. The correction for nonideality is only necessary for the ions present in both the sample and the reference electrode solutions. The new equation represents a major improvement over the Henderson equation for EJ calculations. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 445–462, 2004
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.004 | 0.031 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Open science | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".