On-Line Enhancement Technique for the Analysis of Nucleotides Using Capillary Zone Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A new on-line capillary zone electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CZE/MS), constant pressure-assisted electrokinetic injection (PAEKI), for the analysis of negatively charged nucleotides is reported. PAEKI uses an applied pressure to counterbalance the reverse electroosmotic flow in the capillary column during sample injection, while taking advantage of the field amplification in the sample medium. At balance, the running buffer in the column is stationary, permitting potentially unlimited injection time, and hence unlimited sample enrichment power. The ability of PAEKI to maintain a narrow sample zone over a long injection time seems to be a result of the formation of a high ion concentration band at the boundary of the two media due to rapid deceleration of the migrating ions at the boundary. The injected amount of analytes proved to be linearly proportional to both the field amplification factor, which is expressed as the ratio of resistivities of sample medium to running buffer, and the injection time, which extended up to 1200 s in CZE/MS and 3600 s in CZE/UV. For a 300-s on-line PAEKI injection in CZE/MS, 3 orders of magnitude sample enhancement (5000-fold enrichment) could be observed for the four single nucleotides without compromising separation efficiency and peak shape, and an achievement of detection limits between 0.04 and 0.07 ng/mL. With appropriate sample cleanup, PAEKI can be used in the analysis of single nucleotides in enzyme-digested DNA.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".