Statistical characteristics of polar cap mesospheric gravity waves observed by an all‐sky airglow imager at Resolute Bay, Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An airglow imager at Resolute Bay, Canada (74.7°N, 265.1°E) has been used for the observation of gravity waves in the polar cap mesosphere since January 2005. On the basis of the long‐term imaging observations obtained over 137 nights during the winter seasons of 2005 and 2006, we extracted 143 events of small‐scale (<100 km) gravity waves from sequential sodium airglow (589.3 nm) images. The observed waves typically had horizontal wavelengths of 20–50 km and phase speeds of 30–60 ms −1 . The propagation directions were predominantly westward. We also identified larger‐scale (>100 km) gravity waves using airglow keograms, which represent a time series of the horizontal cross sections of the airglow images. The horizontal wavelengths and phase speeds of the large‐scale waves were typically 100–400 km and 60–100 ms −1 , respectively. The propagation directions of these large‐scale waves also showed a westward preference. The wave parameters appeared to have no relation with the geomagnetic activities represented by the K p index. On the other hand, the propagation directions of the observed waves were consistent with the prevailing eastward winds in the mesosphere and the updraft associated with a low‐pressure area that generally appears to the east of Resolute Bay at tropospheric altitudes. These results suggest that the main source of the gravity waves in the polar cap mesosphere is tropospheric dynamics rather than auroral activities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".