Blood parasite infection and heterozygosity in pure and genetic-hybrid Golden-winged Warblers (<i>Vermivora chrysoptera</i>) across Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined heterozygosity at hypervariable microsatellite loci and blood parasite presence—absence in five populations of Golden-winged Warblers (Vermivora chrysoptera) that span the species' Canadian range. All populations were predominantly composed of genetically pure individuals, with small proportions of phenotypic and genetic hybrids. By comparing heterozygosity and infection status in concert, we tested whether more-heterozygous individuals have lower parasite prevalence, perhaps because they possess a more robust immune system. By considering the genetic status (pure vs. hybrid) of individuals in relation to infection by parasites and heterozygosity, we build on existing research that examines the effect of Blue-winged Warbler (V. cyanoptera) hybridization on Golden-winged Warbler populations. Finally, by looking at populations across the east—west range of the species, we could hypothesize what role geographic variation in vectors might play in population-level infection rates. We found no difference in infection probability between pure and hybrid individuals, but a greater frequency of infection in populations in the western portion of the range. Our results add to the growing evidence that hybrids in this system do not face postzygotic selection, and that Golden-winged Warblers breeding in the most northwestern extent of their range may face challenges that could impede their conservation. Ongoing work that compares reproductive success of Ontario and Manitoba populations is likely to add an important dimension to our findings and could further inform conservation efforts for the species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".