Morphology and evolution of epiphytic Davalliaceae scales
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The scales of most members of the Davalliaceae and related epiphytic, secondary-hemiepiphytic, and climbing ferns consist of a stalk and a shield, are dense, and are persistent on the long-creeping rhizomes. They differ from the sessile, mostly deciduous scales of the related terrestrial eupolypod ferns. The stalked scales first developed two-dimensionally and later produced the proximal part of the shield from near the base to comprise a peltate or pseudopeltate shield on a stalk. Anatomical observations showed variations in the cellular and histological features and the degree of stalk insertion into a rhizome concavity. A character-phylogenetic tree of scales suggested an evolutionary linkage between the stalked scale and the epiphytic life form in the lineage leading to Davalliaceae and Polypodiaceae. The elaborated scales of most species of the obligate-epiphytic Davalliaceae were similar to the sunken-stalked, peltate, absorbing, epiphyllous trichomes of some angiosperm epiphytes. These results suggest that the stalked scales may have significant roles such as protection against desiccation, external water storage, and absorption of water and nutrients.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".