The effects of amphetamine and raclopride on food transport: possible relation to defensive behavior in rats
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent work has shown that transport of food items from open, exposed food sources to a covered shelter is reduced by drugs thought to have anxiolytic properties in rodents and humans. We studied the effects of amphetamine and the dopamine D2/3-receptor antagonist, raclopride, in this test of food transport that pits immediate food consumption against exposure in an open space. Rats traveled from a home cage along an elevated beam to obtain single food items of varying sizes located at one of 12 distances from the home cage. Large food items and items located close to the home cage were carried back and consumed inside the cage. Small items and items located farther from the cage were eaten immediately at the food source while sitting on the beam. Amphetamine sulfate (0.001-2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) decreased eating on the beam and increased carrying of food items to the home cage. Raclopride (0.005-0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) tended to reduce carrying of food to the home cage, but 0.05 mg/kg raclopride did not block the increase in food carrying seen with amphetamine treatment (2 mg/kg). The increased food carrying seen with amphetamine is opposite to the effect produced by anxiolytic drugs, raising the possibility that amphetamine promotes carrying by increasing defense or 'anxiety'. Consistent with this hypothesis, amphetamine (2 mg/kg; the maximally effective dose in the food-carrying experiment) decreased open-arm exploration in the elevated plus-maze, considered to be an anxiogenic effect. These results indicate that stimulation of monoaminergic neurotransmission increases food transport from exposed food sources to a shelter; D2/3-receptor blockade tends to reduce it. The food-carrying test provides a rich, ethologically valid paradigm to assess the effects of psychoactive drugs on species-specific, defensive behaviors in rodents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".