Multiplex Analysis of Novel Urinary Lyso-Gb<sub>3</sub>-Related Biomarkers for Fabry Disease by Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by the absence or reduction of α-galactosidase A enzyme activity. The enzymatic deficiency results in the impaired catabolism of neutral sphingolipids with terminal α-galactosyl residues and subsequent accumulation in several tissues. Biomarkers reflecting disease severity and progression, the response to therapeutic intervention, and details of molecular pathogenesis are needed. Until now, two sphingolipids were targeted as biomarkers in urine and plasma of Fabry patients: globotriaosylceramide (Gb(3)) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb(3)). Using metabolomic approaches, our group recently discovered seven novel urinary lyso-Gb(3)-related Fabry disease biomarkers with mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 758, 774, 784, 800, 802, 820, and 836. All these biomarkers exhibited modifications of the lyso-Gb(3) sphingosine moiety. The aims of the present study were to devise and validate a specific tandem mass spectrometry multiplex methodology for the relative quantification of these seven analogues and to evaluate their urinary excretion levels in samples from 164 Fabry patients and 94 healthy controls. We found no detectable analogues in healthy controls, except for trace amounts of the analogue with m/z 836. Significant correlations were established between lyso-Gb(3) analogue levels in urine and gender (p < 0.001). Fabry males had higher excretion levels compared to females with the disease. Lyso-Gb(3) analogue levels correlated well with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) status in males (p < 0.05). The urinary analogue distributions varied among Fabry patients. However, the analogues with m/z 802, 820, and 836 were generally more abundant in the majority of patients. Lyso-Gb(3) analogues are promising urinary biomarkers for Fabry disease.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".