Observations of nightside magnetic reconnection during substorm growth and expansion phases
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The temporal and spatial variability of nightside magnetic reconnection is described using two‐dimensional ionospheric measurements during the growth phase and early expansion phase of a single substorm. Two techniques (A and B) are used to address both the localized (across ∼15° longitude at ∼2300 magnetic local time (MLT)) and the large‐scale reconnection rate, using ionospheric data that provides the component of the electric field tangential to the polar cap boundary (PCB) in the stationary boundary frame. Technique A uses localized high‐resolution measurements derived from 630 nm all‐sky imager data at Rankin Inlet and ionospheric convection vectors obtained from line‐of‐sight velocity data from the Kapuskasing and Saskatoon Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) HF radars. Technique B uses lower resolution global measurements, obtained by combining Polar VIS imager data and a velocity field derived using SuperDARN global convection mapping. A third technique (C) estimates the nightside reconnection potential from the dayside reconnection potential and the variation in the polar cap area. Technique A reveals standing wave‐like variation of period ∼16 min in the reconnection rate in the late growth phase (spatial noncontinuity in the x‐line). The localized measurements of the reconnection rate vary between 0 and 50 mV/m during both the growth and expansion phases. Technique B shows the expansion of the x‐line toward the duskside during the first 15 min of the expansion phase, from a width of ∼4 hours of MLT to ∼7 hours MLT.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".