Evidence for historic coastal high-energy wave impact (tsunami?) in North Wales, United Kingdom
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Understanding the contribution of high-energy events (e.g. storms, tsunami) to coastal evolution is currently much debated. Field investigations in North Wales on Anglesey and the Lleyn Peninsula have identified four sites where imbricated boulder trains occur that are discriminators of wave characteristics. Clast analysis indicates that storm wave heights (c. 20 m), in excess of known extremes (5 - <9 m), are required to transport them. A possible explanation is the historic impact of tsunami (≥5 m high) that may be likely through time as the region is one of the most seismically active regions of the British Isles. Field evidence suggests that such a high wave energy event has not recurred along this coast within the last 400 years. Résumé L’interprétation de la contribution des phénomènes de haute énergie (p. ex. tempêtes, tsunamis) à l’évolution des côtes fait présentement l’objet de beaucoup de débats. Des études sur le terrain dans le Nord du pays de Galles sur l’île d’Anglesey et sur la presqu’île de Lleyn ont défini quatre emplacements qui présentent des traînées de blocs rocheux constituant des discriminateurs des caractéristiques des vagues. Une analyse des clastes révèle qu’il faut des hauteurs de vagues de tempête (environ 20 m), supérieures aux extrêmes connus (5 à moins de 9 m), pour les transporter. Une explication plausible réside dans l’incidence historique des tsunamis (≥ 5 m de hauteur) ayant pu être causés a) par un glissement sous-marin au large de la bordure de la plate-forme continentale ou de la dépression Rockall, b) par l’activité sismique, car la région constitue l’une des régions les plus actives des îles Britanniques sur le plan sismique ou c) par l’incidence de débris de comète dans l’Atlantique nord, un événement candidat étant survenu vers 1014 de notre ère. Des indices sur le terrain laissent supposer qu’aucun phénomène de haute énergie de vagues de ce genre ne s’est reproduit le long de cette côte au cours des 400 dernières années. [Traduit par la redaction]
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".