Design and implementation of IEC 61850 based Multi-type Protection IED
Bibliographic record
Abstract
An IEC 61850 based Substation Automation System (SAS) changed existing substation environment to a digital system environment using Ethernet based communication network and microprocessor based IED. Although, system environment has changed to a new environment, but operation and protection schemes have not taken full advantage of the new system environment. In this paper, a Multi-type Protection IED (MPI) is proposed that can be remotely change its protection type without IED reboot or field control. The proposed MPI is designed by using SCL (Substation Configuration Language) engineering based IED and a file transfer service in IEC 61850. The proposed MPI remotely receives a new SCD (Substation Configuration Description) file from station and changes protection type through a parsing of the received SCD file, destruction of existing logical node memories and threads for protection, initialization of new memories for new protection elements, and start of threads for new protection components according to parsing results which are names of logical nodes without recompile or system reboot. Benefits of such MPI are various. For example, a substation operator doesn't need to consider a type of protection IED when substation is designed because the MPI can be set remotely to any type at the station. The number of backup IEDs can be reduced because MPI can be changed to protection IED of any type. A substation operator can reconstruct configuration of protection IEDs suitable for a special or the worst case. The proposed MPI was implemented by SISCO library and Windows programming. For testing the performance of the proposed MPI, two case studies that change the logical nodes of an MPI without reboot and that makes an MPI as a backup IED when primary IED fails are considered. Test results rom these case studies are presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".