Hysteresis in the <i>I</i> – <i>V</i> Tunneling Characteristics of <i>n</i> ‐Type BaTiO <sub>3</sub> Ceramics
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and spectroscopy (STS) have been applied to study the surface electronic properties of n ‐type BaTiO 3 ceramics under ultrahigh vacuum and at various oxygen partial pressures. I – V tunneling characteristics of vacuum‐annealed BaTiO 3 do not exhibit rectifying behavior, implying that the Fermi level is pinned at the surface. The surface band gap of BaTiO 3 annealed under vacuum at 540°C is equal to 1 eV. The top edge of the surface valence band is located 0.7 eV below the Fermi level. Hysteresis in the I – V characteristics has been observed at high oxygen partial pressures. Dosing of the BaTiO 3 with oxygen increases the surface band gap and unpins the Fermi level. As a result, the I – V characteristics acquire rectifying features similar to those observed for BaTiO 3 Schottky‐type diodes. Hysteresis in the I – V spectra observed at high oxygen partial pressures is attributed to the changes of the surface potential barrier due to adsorption/desorption of oxygen modulated by the tip‐sample potential difference.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".