Land Application of Oily Food Waste and Corn Production on Amended Soils
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Oily food waste containing high concentrations of fat, oil, and grease (FOG) is produced by the food service and food production/processing industries. Fat, oil, and grease have a high C/N ratio (90:1) and, if applied to agricultural soils, may affect the availability of N to crops, due to soil N immobilization during its decomposition. Several field experiments were conducted on silt loam and loam soils (fine‐loamy mixed, mesic Glossoboric Hapludalfs) from 1995–1997 to determine: (i) effect of FOG on corn ( Zea mays L.) crop yields, (ii) N requirements of corn grown on FOG‐amended soils, (iii) contribution to soil C, and (iv) its accumulation in soil after continuous application. Corn grain yields were maintained with FOG applied at 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha −1 , providing that sufficient N was available to fulfill the needs of soil microorganisms during FOG decomposition and crop growth. The N rates ranged from 170 to 510 kg N ha −1 for these FOG application rates. Soil organic C was significantly increased by 9 and 19% with the continuous FOG application for 3 yr at 10 and 15 Mg FOG ha −1 yr −1 . The residual FOG contents after 3 yr at these application rates were <2% of the total FOG applied with no expected FOG buildup in soil. Corn grain yields were not affected by FOG application in fall and were equal to control plots during 1996 and 1997. However, corn grain yields were decreased by FOG applied in spring, and supplemental N (62 and 59 kg N ha −1 in 1996 and 1997, respectively) was required to maintain yields similar to control plots.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".