Occurrence and orientation of anorbital ripples in near‐shore sands
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The orientation of linear transition ripples (LTRs) relative to incident wave direction is studied using rotary fan beam sonar images and wave and current data from electromagnetic flowmeters in ∼3 m water during SandyDuck97. LTR occurrence is determined objectively with an automatic recognition algorithm. LTRs occurred for RMS wave orbital velocities between 0.15 and 0.35 m s−1. The ripples were highly two dimensional, and of the anorbital type (λ0/D50 = 524 to 535, d0/D50 = 4300 to 25,000) with 7.6 cm mean wavelength in 150 μm median diameter sand. The ripple crests were typically aligned perpendicular to the incident sea‐and‐swell direction: specifically, about 60% of the normals to the crests differ from wave direction by less than 5° and more than 90% by less than 10°. During rapid changes in wave direction, however, ripple orientation adjustment lagged the wave direction by O(1 h). Ripple reorientation occurred piecewise along the crests, with new crest segments sometimes bridging two or more old segments. The 1 h reorientation time scale is longer by several orders of magnitude than the adjustment time based on theoretical bed load transport rate and the ripple volume. As a possible explanation, we suggest that a significant fraction of the transport, more than 90%, bypasses the ripples during orientation adjustment through large angles.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".