A vortex-bowl disk atomizer system for the production of alginate beads in a 1500-liter fermentor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Using a model system, a concept for the immobilization of microbial cultures within alginate beads directly in a 1500-L fermentor with a height to diameter ratio of 1.85 is described. The system is comprised of a 60-cm diameter bowl fixed to the top of an agitation shaft, where calcium-ion-rich media is continuously recirculated from the bulk solution to the bowl. The rotation of the shaft and bowl creates a climbing film (vortex) of solution. An atomizing disk centrally recessed within the bowl sprays an alginate solution into the climbing film where the droplets harden into beads. The effect of heat treatment on the alginate solution on resulting bead properties was examined. The sterilization operation did not appear to have a major effect on the alginate bead mechanical properties of firmness and elasticity which was much more a function of alginate concentration. Beads of various sizes were produced by the unit. The system was characterized by the dimensionless numbers Reomega = (omega x rho x D(2))/mu and ReQ = (Q x rho)/(mu x D). At Reomega and ReQ values less than 500 and 0.15, respectively, the mechanism was direct drop. Parent droplets followed by satellite droplets were observed. When either the flow rate or speed was increased, filaments formed predominantly, which was unwanted in this system because filament breakdown into smaller droplets does not occur due to the proximity of the disk to the climbing film in the bowl. This system could be applied to the immobilization of microorganisms, as well as plant or animal cell cultures, and for other sizes or fermentors. The overflow from the bowl carries the gellified beads into the bulk solution where immobilized cells could act upon the fermentation media.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".