Genetic analysis of Dolly Varden (<i>Salvelinus malma</i>) across its North American range: evidence for a contact zone in southcentral Alaska
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Contact zones between divergent lineages of aquatic taxa have been described from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. We surveyed samples of Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) from their North American range for variation at 14 microsatellite DNA loci. After accounting for hybridization between Dolly Varden and co-occurring bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus), we found evidence for two genetic lineages of Dolly Varden consistent with the previously recognized subspecies, northern Dolly Varden (S. m. malma) and southern Dolly Varden (S. m. lordii). We documented a contact zone between the two subspecies from the eastern Alaska Peninsula to Cook Inlet, Alaska, where admixture values (i.e., the proportion of the genome estimated to be composed of northern Dolly Varden, QNDV) ranged between QNDV = 0.245 and 0.754 across about 700 ocean kilometres. Populations of Dolly Varden showing low admixture (i.e., less than 5%) were located a minimum of 346 km to the west to 1200 km to the southeast, respectively, from the contact zone. The two lineages of Dolly Varden probably stem from isolation and subsequent divergence in, and dispersal from, distinct northern and southern Pleistocene glacial refugia and substantiate the treatment of S. malma as two subspecies and as at least two designatable units under Canada’s Species at Risk Act.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".