Photometry of Irregular Satellites of Uranus and Neptune
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We present BVR photometric colors of six Uranian and two Neptunian irregular satellites, collected using the Magellan Observatory (Las Campanas, Chile) and the Keck Observatory (Manua Kea, Hawaii). The colors range from neutral to light red, and like the Jovian and the Saturnian irregular satellites (Grav et al.) there is an apparent lack of the extremely red objects found among the Centaurs and Kuiper Belt objects. The Uranian irregular satellites can be divided into three possible dynamical families, but the colors collected show that two of these dynamical families, the Caliban and Sycorax clusters, have heterogeneous colors. Of the third possible family, the 168° cluster containing two objects with similar average inclinations but quite different average semimajor axes, only one object (U XXI Trinculo) was observed. The heterogeneous colors and the large dispersion of the average orbital elements lead us to doubt that they are collisional families. We favor single captures as a more likely scenario. The two Neptunian satellites observed (N II Nereid and S/2002 N1) both have very similar neutral, Sun-like colors. Together with the high collisional probability between these two objects over the age of the solar system (Nesvorný et al.; Holman et al.), this suggests that S/2002 N1 is a fragment of Nereid, broken loose during a collision or cratering event with an undetermined impactor.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".