Bibliographic record
Abstract
HE work reported in the present paper was undertaken on T account of some results obtained in the genus Galeopsis.Pure lines of Gnleopsis Tetruhit frequently give partially sterile F1 hybrids, and this sterility and the accompanying meiotic irregularities were shown to be due to structural chromosome differences between the lines (MUNTZING, 1938).In the same paper and in a more recent review (MUNTZING, 1939) other cases of structural chromosome differentiation in autogamous species were discussed.It was also inferred that in allogamous populations heterozygosity for structural chromosome differences must be rather frequent.This, indeed, has already been demonstrated in Drosophila (cf.DOBZHANSKY, 1939 and MUNTZING, 1939, p. 346), mainly thanks to the salivary gland chromosomes.In plants the occurrence ~ of heterozygosity for segmental interchange, inversions, duplications and deficiencies, should be apparent by partial sterility, especially on the male side.Therefore pollen quality in a number of diploid, auto-as well As allogamous, species was studied.The results obtained (cf.MUNTZING, 1939, Tabelle 1 ) really demonstrated a quite clear average difference between the two categories.The self-fertilizing species had all very good pollen, in contrast to most of the cross-breeding species, which were found to include a considerable proportion of more or less sterile individuals.This was also found to be true of rye, which is a strictly allogamous species.According to the table cited (MUNTZING, 1939, p. 336), not less than 50 per cent of the 610 rye plants examined at that time were partially sterile, having more than 10 per cent shrivelled pollen grains (cf. 1. c., Fig. 1 ) .Among these plants, which were ordinary population plants, the percentage of good pollen was in fact found to cover the whole range from 0 to approximately 100 per cent good pollen.According to the theory this pollen sterility should be due to heterozygosity for structural chromosome differences.The validity 1. REGULAR BEHAVIOUR AND SLIGHT IRREGULARITIES.In most of the plants reported to be regular first metaphase and first anaphase were studied.In a minority of cases the plants were considered to be regular from studies of diakinesis or first metaphase only.The slight irregularities observed belonged to different categories.The most frequent deviation was the occurrence of non-conjunction.Univalents in various frequencies were observed in 25 plants.No detailed frequency counts had so far been undertaken, but it was rather obvious that different plants represented different degrees of non-
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".