AS06-03 - Lithium: neuroimaging evidence of neuroprotection and its implication for bipolar disorder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Neuroprotective effects of lithium have been well documented in tissue cultures and animal models. The evidence for lithium related neuroprotection in human subjects is limited and inconsistent, likely due to methodological heterogeneity. To investigate the effects of lithium on brain chemistry and structure, we recruited bipolar patients selected for substantial illness burden and varied the exposure to lithium by using strict inclusion criteria. We obtained 1.5T magnetic resonance imaging data from 27 bipolar patients with at least 2 years of ongoing lithium treatment (Li group), 16 subjects with < 3 months lifetime exposure to lithium >2 years ago (non-Li group) and 21 healthy controls. Patient groups had to have at least 10 years of illness and 5 episodes. The non-Li group had significantly lower hippocampal volumes (t = 4.68,corrected p < 0.05) and prefrontal cortex N-acetyl aspartate (NAA) levels (t = −2.91,corrected p < 0.05) than controls, who showed comparable hippocampal volumes and NAA levels to the Li treated subjects. Duration of illness was negatively associated with NAA levels only in the non-Li, but not the Li group. Among patients selected for substantial illness burden, only those with no or minimal lifetime Li exposure had significantly lower prefrontal NAA levels and hippocampal volumes than controls. Patients with at least 2 years of ongoing Li treatment showed no such changes, despite substantial burden of illness. These findings provide indirect support for neuroprotective effects of lithium and negative effects of illness burden on brain chemistry and structure in patients with bipolar disorders.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".