A Case for Accelerated Reestablishment of American Eel in the Lake Ontario and Champlain Watersheds
Bibliographic record
Abstract
ABSTRACT The catadromous, panmictic American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) historically comprised nearly 25% of fish biomass in Atlantic coastal streams, supporting sizeable fisheries for centuries. However, the population has collapsed in its primary range. It is now proposed or listed as “endangered” by various North American governments, with its fisheries declared “depleted” along the U.S. Atlantic coast. The causes of decline include fragmented governance, loss of physical access to and/or degraded quality of freshwater habitats, lethal entrainment in hydroelectric turbines, changes in marine currents, and excessive harvest. Large gaps exist in knowledge of species biology and the effectiveness of management approaches. Prior to the collapse of eel production, the Lake Ontario and Champlain watersheds of the St. Lawrence River basin produced abundant, large, highly fecund female eels that contributed disproportionately to species-wide reproduction. Abatement of key threats specifically across these two particular watersheds therefore could contribute significantly to range-wide recovery from Greenland to Venezuela. RESUMEN la anguila americana (Anguilla rostrata) se considera una especie catádroma y panmíctica e históricamente ha constituido cerca del 25% de la biomasa de peces en los ríos costeros de Norte América, soportando durante siglos importantes pesquerías. Sin embargo, la población ha colapsado a lo largo de su rango principal de distribución. Actualmente, la especie se ha propuesto o bien listado como “en peligro” por varios gobiernos de Norte América, cuyas pesquerías se han declarado agotadas a lo largo de la costa atlántica de los EEUU. Las causas de la reducción incluyen la fragmentación de la gobernanza, pérdida del acceso físico hacia y/o degradación de la calidad de los hábitats dulceacuícolas, arrastre letal hacia turbinas hidroeléctricas, cambios en las corrientes marinas y extracción excesiva. Existen grandes huecos de conocimiento en cuanto a la biología de la especie y la efectividad de los enfoques de manejo. Antes del colapso en la producción de anguila, en el lago Ontario y en la cuenca hidrológica Champlain del río San Lorenzo se producían cantidad de hembras de anguila grandes y fecundas que contribuían de forma desproporcionada a la reproducción de la especie en todo su rango. Por lo tanto, la disminución de amenazas clave en estas dos cuencas en particular, puede contribuir importantemente a la recuperación de la especie en todo su rango de distribución, desde Groenlandia hasta Venezuela.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.006 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".