Bibliographic record
Abstract
Methylphenidate (MPH) is very effective in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in both children and adults. Blockade of the dopamine transporter is thought to produce the therapeutic effects of MPH by increasing concentrations of dopamine within the central nervous system. Although MPH is a racemic compound composed of a 50:50 mixture of dexmethylphenidate (d-MPH) and l-methylphenidate (l-MPH), animal and human studies have confirmed that the d-MPH isomer is responsible for the pharmacodynamic effect of MPH. Positron emission tomography scan images in rats and baboons treated with radiolabeled MPH have confirmed the specificity of the d-isomer and lack of specific binding of the l-isomer. Clinical studies evaluating d-MPH in both children and adults with ADHD have confirmed the efficacy and safety of the stereoselective isomer in the treatment of ADHD. The immediate-release formulation of d-MPH produces effects similar to d,l-MPH in children as measured by teacher-assessed Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham scores, Math test results, Conners Teacher and Parent Rating Scales, Attention Deficit Disorder Rating Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning scale, and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement scores. An extended-release formulation with a rapid onset of action and sustained benefit over 12 hours provides similar clinical benefit in children and adults with ADHD with excellent tolerability and the advantage of once-daily dosing.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.013 | 0.007 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".