FTIR Study on the Formation of TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanostructures in Supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
TiO(2) nanospherical and fibered structures were obtained via a one-step sol-gel method in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO(2)) involving polycondensation of the alkoxide monomers titanium isopropoxide (TIP) and titanium butoxide (TBO) with acetic acid (HAc). The resulting materials were characterized by means of electron microscopy (SEM and TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TGA), and attenuated total reflection Fourier transmission infrared (ATR-FTIR) analysis. Depending on the experimental conditions, TiO(2) anatase nanospheres with a diameter of 20 nm or TiO(2) anatase/rutile nanofibers with a diameter of 10-100 nm were obtained. Fiber formation was enhanced by a higher HAc/Ti ratio and the use of the titanium isopropoxide (TIP) monomer. The mechanism of the microstructure formation was studied using in situ FTIR analysis in scCO(2). The FTIR results indicated that the formation of nanofibers was favored by a titanium hexamer that leads to one-dimensional condensation, while nanospheres were favored by a hexamer that permits three-dimensional condensation.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".