Chinese Engineers in Canada: a Model Minority? and Experiences and perceptions of the Glass Ceiling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper answers the following three research questions: a) Are the Chinese in Canada a model minority? b) Does a glass ceiling exist for Chinese engineers in Canada? 3) What are Chinese engineers' perceptions and actual experiences of the glass ceiling? The data utilized to answer these questions come from the 2001 Census of Canada and a mail survey to Chinese engineers who graduated from the University of Calgary. The findings indicate that the model minority thesis has limited applicability to the Chinese in Canada. When Chinese scientists and engineers' incomes are examined, there is a much lower return to their education and their experience when compared to Whites, which points to their under-representation in higher paying management positions and the existence of a glass ceiling. The survey findings show that most of the respondents perceive a glass ceiling and that a sizable proportion have personally experienced hitting the glass ceiling and/or have known other Chinese engineers who have. The paper ends with a discussion of the obstacles identified by respondents that prevent them from being promoted into and within management level positions.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".