Impacts of acid mine drainage on juvenile salmonids in an estuary near Britannia Beach in Howe Sound, British Columbia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The abandoned copper mine at Britannia Beach, British Columbia, has been releasing acid mine drainage (AMD) into Howe Sound for many years. To assess the impacts of AMD on juvenile salmonids in the Britannia Creek estuary, we compared fish abundance, distribution, and survival at contaminated sites near the creek with uncontaminated areas in Howe Sound. Water quality near Britannia Creek was poor, particularly in spring when dissolved Cu exceeded 1.0 mg·L-1 and pH was less than 6. Beach seine surveys conducted during April-August 1997 and March-May 1998 showed that chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) fry abundance was significantly lower near Britannia Creek mouth (0-1.2·100 m-2) than in reference areas (11.5-31.4·100 m-2). Laboratory bioassays confirmed that AMD from Britannia Mine was toxic to juvenile chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and chum salmon (96-h LC50 = 0.7-29.7% in freshwater and 12.6-62.2% in 10 ppt water). Chinook salmon smolts transplanted to surface cages near Britannia Creek experienced 100% mortality within 2 days. These results demonstrated that juvenile salmonids are vulnerable to AMD from Britannia Creek: their abundance peaks during spring when Cu concentrations are highest and toxicity is greatest in surface freshwater, which matches their preferred vertical distribution.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".