Smithsonite flotation using mixed anionic/cationic collector
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The surface interaction and adsorption of the components in a mixture of surfactants are of considerable interest for both practical and theoretical reasons. The flotation behaviour of smithsonite in the presence of sodium sulphide (Na2S) and a mixture of potassium amyl xanthate (KAX) and dodecylamine (DDA) and its adsorption on smithsonite surface at various concentration ratios have been investigated using zeta potential, contact angle, microflotation and diffuse reflectance FTIR studies. The smithsonite mineral has weak response to flotation in the presence of KAX alone as a collector. The presence of KAX enhanced the amine flotation recovery in the presence of sodium sulphide. The flotation results using mixed collectors showed the maximum recovery and contact angle were 95·5% and 104° at pH 12 respectively. The FTIR spectra revealed the coadsorption as amine–xanthate complex when mixed collector is used. The presence of KAX increased the DDA adsorption due to decrease in the electrostatic head–head repulsion between the two adjacent surface ammonium head group cations because the anionic KAX sitting between these two cations screens the electrostatic repulsion and increased the lateral tail–tail hydrophobic bonds.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".