Incipience of Liquid Entrainment From a Stratified Gas-Liquid Region in Multiple Discharging Branches
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The onset of liquid entrainment in discharging branches, from a stratified gas-liquid region, has implications in industrial applications where safety is of concern. The onset criterion was characterized by the critical height, the vertical distance from the discharge inlet to the gas-liquid interface, and was shown to be a function of the Froude number. The critical height signified a transition in the discharging flow quality from a single phase gas to a two-phase gas-liquid mixture. The onset of liquid entrainment with multiple discharging branches, and a stratified gas-liquid region, was experimentally investigated using air and water. A test section with a semicircular cross section and three discharging branches at 0deg, 45deg, and 90deg was used. The critical height was recorded using both increasing and decreasing liquid level methods, thereby demonstrating surface tension and wetness effects. A total of eight cases were investigated for single, dual, and triple discharges, with onset occurring in the branch closest to and above the gas-liquid interface. Wall curvature effects were discussed through comparison with previous flat wall studies. Agreement between previously developed analytical models and the decreasing liquid level results was found.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".