S<sup>h</sup> and S<sub>c</sub>—Two Complementary Dominant Genes that Control Self‐Compatibility in Buckwheat
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fagopyrum homotropicum Ohnishi, a wild diploid (2n = 2x = 16) species with self‐compatibility expressed by homostylic flowers, has been used for improving cultivated buckwheat, F. esculentum Moench, a self‐incompatible diploid (2n = 2x = 16) species with heterostylic pin and thrum flowers. Four crosses were made between F. homotropicum and F. esculentum pin flowers, assisted by ovule rescue in vitro, to study the inheritance and interaction of the two breeding systems in the genus Fagopyrum. The presence of homostylic or pin flowers was used to determine the expression of self‐compatibility or self‐incompatibility, respectively. The segregation ratios of the F2 progeny derived from F1 single plants, the BC1F1 generation and the F3 progeny derived from homostylic plants were used to study the inheritance of self‐compatibility. Five F2 populations fit a one‐gene 3:1 segregation ratio and did not fit a 9:7 ratio, while the other three F2 populations fit a two‐gene 9:7 ratio and did not fit a 3:1 ratio. The BC1F1 and F3 progeny segregation confirmed these observations. These results support a two‐gene model with three alleles at the first locus S and two alleles at the second locus Sc The proposed model has S for self‐incompatible thrum, Sh for self‐compatible homostyly, and s for self‐incompatible pin, with the intrallelic interaction S > Sh > s at the first locus and Sc for homostyly and sc for pin (Sc > sc) at the second locus. The two complementary dominant genes Sh and Sc control self‐compatibility (homostyly) in F. homotropicum. The one gene or two gene segregation patterns are the result of interspecific crosses with different F. esculentum genotypes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".