Leaf spot on switch grass ( <i>Panicum virgatum</i> ), symptoms of a new disease caused by <i>Bipolaris oryzae</i>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Switch grass (Panicum virgatum) is a native, perennial warm-season grass used for hay, summer grazing, soil conservation, and wildlife habitat. It is also being developed as a biomass crop for renewable energy. A previously unreported leaf-spot disease on switch grass was observed in North Dakota plantings. From 1999 to 2002, a fungus was consistently isolated from leaf spots on switch grass. It was identified as Bipolaris oryzae (teleomorph: Cochliobolus miyabeanus). Conidial morphology agreed with that of B. oryzae, and comparison of DNA sequences from glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase also indicated that the isolates were B. oryzae. Greenhouse pathogenicity tests confirmed the ability of B. oryzae to cause symptoms of leaf spot on switch grass. This is the first time that B. oryzae, a common pathogen on rice (Oryza sativa), is reported to cause a disease on switch grass. This pathogen has the potential to diminish yields of switch grass under intensive plantings for high biomass production, particularly if a susceptible cultivar is seeded over a wide area. Additionally, Bipolaris zeae (teleomorph: Cochliobolus zeae) was isolated from switch grass, a new host for this fungus, and is herein reported for the first time from the United States.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".