Relationship between smolt gill Na<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> ATPase activity and migration timing to avian predation risk of steelhead trout (<i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i>) in a large estuary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We examined avian predation risk of juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) migrating through the Columbia River Estuary in relation to their osmoregulatory physiology, body length, rearing conditions (hatchery or wild), migration timing, and migration year. From 2003 to 2006, mean gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity of migrating wild steelhead was greater than hatchery steelhead. Hatchery steelhead were always longer than wild steelhead. Wild steelhead never had higher plasma [Na+] or osmolality levels than hatchery fish after seawater challenge trials conducted in 2004, 2005, and 2006. More passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags from hatchery fish (19%; 126 of 678 fish) were detected on East Sand Island among bird nesting colonies than PIT tags of wild fish (14%; 70 of 509 fish), presumably consumed by birds. As gill Na+, K+ ATPase activity and migration date within a year increased, the probability of an individual fish being eaten by an avian predator decreased. Length, rear type, and year were not related to predation risk. These results show that physiology and migration timing of juvenile steelhead play an important role in a migrants risk to avian predation within an estuary.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".