First report of <i>Alternaria petroselini</i> on fennel in Italy
Bibliographic record
Abstract
During 2007, fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) plants grown in Metaponto (Matera, Italy) were observed with black depressed lesions on the basal leaves. More than 50% of the inspected fields showed symptoms with an incidence ranging from 30 to 100%. Isolations were carried out from infected leaves on potato dextrose agar amended with streptomycin sulphate and ampicillin (100 µg mL−1 each). An Alternaria sp. was consistently isolated, then transferred to potato carrot agar (PCA) under near-UV lights for morphological characterization. Two kinds of conidia were obtained from dark brown colonies: sub-spherical to oval (33·0 ± 5·6 × 18·0 ± 3·4 µm) and elongated ellipsoidal (52·8 ± 6·1 × 22 ± 2·7 µm). Microsclerotia were observed beneath the agar surface, and there was no pigmentation. Radial growth of one isolate (ISPaVe ER 1461) on PCA at 22°C after eight days was higher (70·5 mm) compared to that of a known A. radicina isolate CBS 112003 (41·1 mm). No products were obtained after DNA amplification of ISPaVe ER 1461 with specific primers designed for A. radicina (Pryor & Gilbertson, 2001). On the basis of this data, the fungus was identified as A. petroselini (Pryor & Gilbertson, 2002). The ITS region of the isolate ISPaVe ER 1461 was amplified using the universal primers ITS5 and ITS4 (White et al., 1990). A BLAST homology search of the sequences showed 100% identity with GenBank sequences corresponding to A. petroselini isolates EU807868 and EU781948. A pathogenicity test was conducted on adult fennel plants by spraying a conidial suspension of the fungus (105 conidia mL−1) to runoff. Control plants were sprayed with sterile deionized water. After inoculation, plants were covered with plastic bags for 48 h in a greenhouse at 25–27°C, then uncovered and kept wet until symptoms appeared. One week after inoculation, small dark spots were observed, that soon developed into necrotic areas on the fennel stalks. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by re-isolating the same fungus from infected stalks. This species has been recently reported to cause seedling damping-off on fennel in the Netherlands (Pryor & Asma, 2007). This is the first report of A. petroselini on fennel in Italy. The disease causes a significant reduction in quality.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".