Accurate detection and estimation of radio signals using a 2D novel smart antenna array
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper investigates the problem of Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation using a 2D novel smart antenna array configuration that was recently presented by the authors in [1]. The proposed 2D novel configuration overcomes the drawback of uniform linear array (ULA) which cannot detect signals arriving at grazing incidence. The proposed 2D novel array configuration is able to resolve signals arriving from narrowband plane wave sources close to the array endfire. The proposed array configuration comprises of doubly crossed uniform linear arrays (ULAs) so that the size and computational load of the proposed array is identical to that of a 2N-element conventional ULA. MUltiple SIgnal Classification (MUSIC) is used as a tool of radio signal detection and estimation. A comparative study between ULA and the proposed 2D novel array is carried out in terms of effect of SNR (signal to noise ratio), number of scatterers, and number of snapshots.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".