Bibliographic record
Abstract
Deposition of abnormal proteins constitutes a major hallmark of the neurodegenerative diseases. The appearance of abnormal protein deposits in neurons consistently precedes cell death in the same population, as best documented in the hierarchical progression of Parkinson disease1 and Alzheimer disease.2 In most instances, mutations in the corresponding gene have been identified only in a subset of those affected, usually in patients with a distinct family history. That the cytoplasm of motor neurons harbors abnormal protein deposits in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) has been known for some time; those deposits bind ubiquitin nonspecifically, but it was only in 2006 that TDP-43 was pinpointed as an associated protein in over 90% of cases.3 TDP-43 is normally located in neuronal and glial nuclei but in ALS it appears in cytoplasmic inclusions. Importantly, mutations in the encoding gene, TARDBP , were discovered recently in familial ALS (FALS).4 Ubiquitinated inclusions of TDP-43 also were observed in neuronal and glial cytoplasm in the majority of patients with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-U), the most common form of frontotemporal dementia. The presence of TDP-43 …
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.008 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".