Improved intramuscular blood flow and normalized metabolism in lateral epicondylitis after botulinum toxin treatment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Lateral epicondylitis is a common cause of elbow pain, and decreased microcirculation in extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) has recently been suggested to contribute to the symptoms. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the treatment response after injection of botulinum toxin type A. Ten patients with unilateral epicondylitis and decreased intramuscular blood flow in ECRB participated. Handgrip, 2-pinch grip and muscle strength during radial deviation and dorsal extension of the wrist were recorded. Perceived pain during contraction was evaluated with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and function in daily activities was assessed using the Disability of Arm, Shoulder and Hand instrument (DASH) and the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure instrument (COPM). Intramuscular blood flow was recorded by laser Doppler flowmetry, and microdialysis was used to analyze muscle metabolism. The difference in intramuscular blood flow between the control and the affected side had decreased 3 and 12 months after treatment (P=0.03). Lactate concentration at the 12-month follow-up had decreased (P=0.02); perceived pain was reduced and function in daily activities had improved. Injection of botulinum toxin is an alternative treatment for epicondylitis. Symptom relief may be due to enhanced microcirculation causing an aerobic metabolism.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".