Bibliographic record
Abstract
The digastric muscle acts for both feeding (including mastication and swallowing) and respiration. In this study, we examined whether or not the muscle activity is detectable during anoxia in developing rats. Rats at 4 different ages, days 5, 10, 16, and 24, were exposed to 100% N2 under pentobarbital or ketamine-xylazine anesthesia, and the electromyograms of digastric muscles (dEMG) and the diaphragm (diaEMG) were examined simultaneously. Prior to the anoxic exposure, at all ages, the dEMG was similar to or less apparent than the diaEMG, which was detected at each inspiratory movement. In anoxia, we first observed dEMG activity, mostly sporadic (days 5 and 10) or mostly tonic (days 16 and 24), when diaEMG activity was temporarily suppressed (we termed it Phase 1). Second, synchronous phasic or tonic dEMG and phasic diaEMG were recorded temporarily before terminal apnea (we termed it Phase 2). These phenomena were also obtained in vagotomized rats (all ages) or in rats injected with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist MK-801 (dizocilpine (5R,10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate) (days 16 and 24). In conclusion, our results suggest that in anoxia, dEMG activity is detectable during diaEMG suppression in early anoxia, irrespective of the developmental age, the anesthetic (pentobarbital or ketamine-xylazine), vagotomy, or MK-801 injections.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".