Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Neural tube defects, such as tethered cord, intradural lipoma, or myelomeningocele may coexist with spinal vascular malformations. The coexistence of these 2 rare entities is suggestive of a causal relationship between them, which may lead to further understanding of their pathogenesis. We present a series of 6 patients with epidural spinal arteriovenous fistulas associated with neural tube defects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrieved cases of spinal vascular malformations associated with neural tube defects seen at our institution. The clinical presentation, MR imaging/MRA and angiographic imaging, treatment outcomes, and long-term neurologic outcomes were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analyses are reported. RESULTS: Six patients with epidural arteriovenous fistulas and neural tube defects were included in this study. The mean age at presentation was 42 years, and the most common presenting symptoms were lower extremity weakness followed by sensory disturbances and bladder/bowel dysfunction. In most cases (5/6), the fistulas were located at the sacral level. All cases were fed by the lateral sacral artery (6/6). Four patients had prior spine surgery, but the fistula was in the operative bed in 2 cases. All fistulas were extradural with secondary intradural venous drainage. Five patients underwent transarterial embolization with Onyx, and 1 patient had a treatment-related complication. CONCLUSIONS: It is conceivable that there is a pathophysiologic link between neural tube defects and development of spinal vascular malformations. Delayed neurologic deterioration or high conus signal in a patient with a neural tube defect should suggest the possibility of such an association.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".