Effects of cultivar, agronomic practices, geographic location, and meteorological conditions on the composition of selected <i>Fusarium</i> species on wheat heads
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) heads showing typical fusarium head blight symptoms were sampled two to four weeks after anthesis in 2004, 2005, and 2006. Samples (n = 916) were taken from the susceptible wheat cultivar 'Ritmo' and the moderately susceptible 'Buteo' and 'Dekan', from fungicide-free control plots at 6 to 13 locations per year between the North and Baltic seas. The presence of four Fusarium species (Gibberella zeae, Fusarium culmorum, Fusarium poae, and Fusarium avenaceum) in these samples was surveyed using (i) genus and (ii) species-specific primers in PCR assays. Higher frequencies of G. zeae and F. avenaceum were observed in 'Ritmo' compared with 'Buteo', and lower frequencies of F. culmorum were observed in 'Dekan' compared with 'Buteo'. Tillage (ploughing vs. other tillage methods) and previous crops (wheat vs. dicotyledonous crops) had no significant effect on the Fusarium species composition ('Ritmo', P ≥ 0.07). Average leaf wetness between May and the middle of July, as well as during the 10 days flanking the approximate date of anthesis, was positively correlated to relative frequencies of G. zeae (R > 0.44, P ≤ 0.04), but negatively correlated to relative detection frequencies of F. culmorum (R < –0.47, P ≤ 0.02). Temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity during the same periods of time did not influence the detection frequencies observed for any of the species. Overall, the most frequently detected species was G. zeae (41%), with decreasing relative frequencies from the southeast to the northwest of the area surveyed. Fusarium poae, F. culmorum, and F. avenaceum were detected in 12%, 9%, and 13% of the samples, respectively. The presence of one, two, three, or four species co-inhabiting wheat heads was encountered at frequencies of 57%, 19%, 2%, and 0%, respectively. Gibberella zeae and F. culmorum were mainly detected alone, whereas F. poae and F. avenaceum were mainly detected in combination with other species. Relative frequencies of PCR amplicons specific for the genus Fusarium were positively correlated to the deoxynivalenol (DON) content of the grain (R = 0.685, P ≤ 0.0001). The correlation between the percent of samples containing F. poae and the DON content was negative (R = –0.45, P = 0.036). The results of this study indicate that tillage and previous crop may affect the severity of Fusarium epidemics, but they do not change the species composition significantly. In contrast, wheat genotype and leaf wetness affected the spectrum of Fusarium species on wheat heads in a selective manner, and, hence, these factors might also be expected to have an impact on the spectrum of mycotoxins in wheat grain.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".